(NOMHICE)3 and results for benzene agreed within 3%. Benzene (C6H6): annual mean concentrations in Europe. Indoor residential air. %PDF-1.3 %���� 0 h�bbd``b`z $7�� ��b� � �WHpE �H a�5�����Y�����` I, ), most is from cigarette smoke in both homes and public spaces. Benzene is found in air, water, and soil . benzene concentrations were in the range 0.45 to 3.3 ppb and the contribution from evaporative emissions ranged from zero to about 1.2 ppb. Average benzene concentration was 0.1 mg/m3 in ambient air at some stations of Tehran, which is high comparing to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) standard. Benzene evaporates easily, and most people can just detect its distinctive smell at concentrations between 2.5 and 5 parts per million (ppm) in air. The Ministry of Health's acknowledgment of the highest benzene concentration ever recorded in Jamaica's air following the March 2015 fire at the Riverton dump site is only the tip of the iceberg. 1910.1028 (c) (2) Short-term exposure limit (STEL). These findings are bolstered by measurements of protein adducts of reactive benzene metabolites in Chinese workers that also pointed to DSM reductions at or <1 p.p.m. �1P���0�"��L��QH%(��*0�ZC���c2��SW�Bo�;�,ᐌ�QpRΫE^.�x5����=P���ȸ*=ʣ=�. Causes moderate to severe irritation. Data from a rural site showed a mean annual concentration of 1.3 μg/m 3, which is about 30%–35% of the current concentrations measured at most urban backgrounds.58 The running annual mean standard for benzene of 16 μg/m 3 (5 ppb) recommended by the United Kingdom Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (EPAQS) was not exceeded, although the EPAQS recommended target concentration for benzene … Benzene has been detected at high levels in indoor air. Average concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were obtained 2.01, 1.80, 2.72, and 1.65 mg/m 3, respectively. An impor - EPA has documented Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RFCs) and Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Jafari, H.R and Ebrahimi, S. 215 The mean mass concentration of benzene was much lower than the standard value (110 µg/m 3, 1-hr average) according to the indoor air quality standard for China, but it was seven times the guideline value specified by Jamaica (1 µg/m 3, annual average), about twice the guideline values specified by Japan and New Zealand (annual averages of 3 and 3.6 µg/m 3, respectively), and 1.36 … The results from Kim et al. The flow rate shall be 115 LPM and 170 LPM, respectively, for tight-fitting and loose-fitting powered air-purifying respirators. A severe exposure can cause unconsciousness. At concentrations below 3ppm, the production of metabolites is mildly sublinear Lower flammability limit (LFL): The lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in the presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). 544 0 obj <> endobj We are only given Hcc (Henry constant - Cair/Cwater) 0.225 and Log Kow (to which I believe is needed for a later question) 2.53. The faster a method delivers reliab-le results, the sooner work may continue after clearance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ambient Air Benzene Concentrations Over 4,600 daily VOC samples were collected at the moni-toring sites during the five-year period from 1989 to 1993. Average benzene concentrations for the winter months (January-February) of pre- and post-CNG periods were 116.32+/-51.65 microg m (-3) and 187.49+/-22.50 microg m (-3), respectively. The results from diffusive monitoring indicated that the mean annual benzene-in-air concentration around the service station was 3.8 µg/m3 (range of the means was 1.6 - 6.9 µg/m3). Passive sampling in households in Germany (Duisburg) showed an average concentration of benzene in children’s bedrooms of 9.5 µg/m3 The RfC is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including sensitive groups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk 30th day, to obtain 12 air samples at the same nine sampling positions. Benzene is not the same as endstream endobj 545 0 obj <>/Metadata 30 0 R/Outlines 107 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 542 0 R/StructTreeRoot 125 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 546 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 547 0 obj <>stream Example of Benzene Risk Range Action Required Residential Use Air ( g/m3) Worker Use Air ( g/m3) Less than or equal to 1x10-6 or background No Further Action, measures to reduce PCE concentrations in air not required ≤ 0.36 ≤ 1.6 Between 1x10-6 and 1x10-5 Provided soil and/or ground water contamination is … Air toxics include benzene and other hydrocarbons such as 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and naphthalene. We have a 120 ml water sample with an unknown concentration of benzene. GIS Map Application. Based on the analyzed data, the average benzene level in the ambient air of Asian countries (371 μg/m 3) was approximately 3.5 times higher than the indoor benzene levels (111 μg/m 3). Most people can begin to smell benzene in air at approximately 60 parts of benzene per million parts of air (ppm) and recognize it as benzene at 100 ppm . Long-term exposure causes harmful effects on the bone marrow, can lead to anemia, and can affect the immune system. indicate that DSM of benzene was greatest at the lowest investigated air concentration of 0.03 p.p.m. endstream endobj startxref Benzene tubes were exposed to a known benzene concentration in air generated using a permeation vial held at 500C in a glass oven, in turn held in a thermostated water bath. 1 0 obj << /Creator /CreationDate (D:20010126101129) /Subject /Title /Author /Producer (Acrobat PDFWriter 4.0 voor Windows) /Keywords /ModDate (D:20010422131904+02'00') >> endobj 2 0 obj [ /PDF /Text ] endobj 3 0 obj << /Pages 82 0 R /Type /Catalog /DefaultGray 83 0 R /DefaultRGB 84 0 R /Outlines 85 0 R /PageMode /UseOutlines >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 14 0 R >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Kids [ 4 0 R 18 0 R 21 0 R 24 0 R 30 0 R 33 0 R ] /Count 6 /Type 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The individual two-week samples gave benzene levels in the range <1.0 - 10.6 µg/m3. The amount of this exposure, or dose, is determined by the concentration of benzene in the air, how much we breath (e.g. H��Wے۸��^�j��pH �%O�ew���]�lm�j^(��& -/���O7РHY�T��1".�ӧO���r&�njݿy2��mً�C���7/€;,�+�?��!�Kv�Nj$Hc��v�ct^ra�I�&���B�����G�զ-j�~�ѥbӱ�v��n���-���vJ��ؙ�Z1����l~��tb����~ ��]�U튽QmSt�W��ah�G�NgIA��0=��g���N�����J���(,��א�\��qI��Q6�c�x�]�T� c.|]�.�2X���ܼR��U��L�������C�t���|���?��d�R}��� ��`�˓`Y�. Can be absorbed through … Topics: Air pollution. 557 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9C96B454F4AEC3479663DA03F2864108><3C5BA196C9D08F4784319D75135A234A>]/Index[544 24]/Info 543 0 R/Length 75/Prev 145859/Root 545 0 R/Size 568/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream * Canisters must have a minimum service life of four (4) hours when tested at 150 ppm benzene, at a flow rate of 64 liters per minute (LPM), 25°C, and 85% relative humidity for non-powered air-purifying respirators. ( 21–26 ). The mean concentration of benzene in indoor air in homes across Canada was 7.4 µg/m3, with a maximum value of 68 µg/m3. Similarly, the outdoor to the indoor ratio of benzene level in European and North American Countries were found to be 1.2 and 7.7, respectively. The mean concentration in outdoor air was 4.4 µg/m3 (3). h�b```f``����� ��A��b ����^���1`A���*::���*[��� �v�f�10{�in � 0*30�2�g�flb�e`�4�3��b<8��;X�8s�H!�����!|��pH20��ҬRV`Y� @J���5 1910.1028 (c) (1) Time-weighted average limit (TWA). If the bottle size is 160 ml (with 40 ml of air) and benzene has reached equilibrium, what fraction of benzene is left in the water? The purge flow of pure air was generated through a glass ball filled heat exchanger from an Aadco Model 737 Pure Air Generator at a rate of 1 litre/minute. The map shows the annual mean concentrations of Benzene (C6H6) in Europe for the air quality stations with at least 50% of valid measurements, in µg/m3 (source: EEA, AirBase v.8 & AQ e-Reporting). The concentration of benzene in urban air in the Tri-City area of Poland (Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia, and Tczew) was assessed using diffusive passive samplers (Radiello). Air Quality Standards for Benzene The UK National Air Quality Strategy Consultation Draft 8 has set an Air Quality Standard (AQS) for benzene of 5 ppb as a running annual mean. Air samples were collected using Organic Vapour Sampler and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph equipped with Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The term is considered by many safety professionals to be the same as the lower explosive level (LEL). Benzene concentration was found to be in the range 9.3 to 28.7 microg/m3, Toluene 3.26 to 21.0 microg/m3 and Xylene 4.9 to 15.0 microg/m3. 2. Published 30 Apr 2013 Last modified 20 Jul 2017. Samples were collected during a four-year monitoring campaign (2007-2010) at selected monitoring stations managed by the Agency of Regional Air Quality Monitoring in the Gdańsk Metropolitan Area (ARMAAG) Foundation. Airborne: The maximum time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit is 1 part of benzene vapor per million parts of air (1 ppm) for an 8-hour workday and the maximum short-term exposure limit (STEL) is 5 ppm for any 15-minute period. ��@� �x1Q Benzene concentrations exceeded the occupational exposure limit set by the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education. 567 0 obj <>stream 1. The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of benzene in excess of one part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) as an 8-hour time-weighted average. areas are where sources of benzene (e.g., vehicles, gasoline stations) tend to be most concentrated. Symptoms may include headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and confusion. and declined with increasing air concentrations up to 90 p.p.m. The Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT) rules reduce hazardous air pollutants, also known as air toxics, emitted by cars and trucks. This linearity holds over nearly 2 orders of magnitude, from the lowest measured concentrations (about 0.2ppm) to well over 10ppm. As we breathe the air, our bodies are exposed to some level of benzene. Benzene is a known human carcinogen. !�Y�p��P�"�i%��C�A�a7�����m�ק�)��N�ϥ��@w���Px�o���~{D|��e��K�{V���f�j������b��:c6�f�c�wlT=�v��F�0!v���+y��2ILhW��v�f�s�Q��4I��Q;�Rm��3J�HB@'�j1�S� �NŽ���l\�$��. The factor of time is becoming increasingly important due to the pressure to increase efficiency. Symptoms include pain, redness, and swelling. tional to concentration of benzene in inhaled air (Figure 5). hޜTmO�0�+�41�ۉ�*��$�tcZ��5m�4�3����I�nL�rι���>���T The reference concentration for benzene is 0.03 mg/m3 based on hematological effects in humans. One part per million is approximately equal to one drop in 40 gallons . Skin Contact: SKIN IRRITANT. %%EOF Although some of this exposure might be from building materials (paints, adhesives, etc. %PDF-1.6 %���� Most people can begin to taste benzene in water at 0 .5–4 .5 ppm . Annual average benzene concentration for the pre-CNG period was found to be 86.47+/-53.24 microg m (-3). the benzene concentration need to be measured selectively or is it sufficient to determine the sum value of all hydrocarbons in the air? In general, air toxics monitoring efforts focus on providing data for assessing public health consequences of air pollutants, and therefore, the monitors tend to be concentrated in urban areas with modest coverage in most rural areas. The benzene emissions from these sources are responsible for the benzene levels in air. Levels of benzene are higher in homes with attached garages than in those with detached garages.
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